{"id":4545,"date":"2018-05-22T18:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-05-22T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/how-to-detect-fipronil-in-eggs-tips-for-pesticide-screening-laboratories\/"},"modified":"2023-07-06T15:38:02","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T15:38:02","slug":"how-to-detect-fipronil-in-eggs-tips-for-pesticide-screening-laboratories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/how-to-detect-fipronil-in-eggs-tips-for-pesticide-screening-laboratories\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Detect Fipronil in Eggs: Tips for Pesticide Screening Laboratories"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Whether using LC-MS\/MS or GC-MS\/MS to analyze pesticides in eggs, the key to successful quantification is sample cleanup<\/h2>\n<p>Millions of eggs were pulled from supermarket shelves in more than a dozen European countries in late July 2017 \u2013 and as far as Hong Kong and South Korea \u2013 after it was discovered that some had been contaminated with the insecticide <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fipronil\">fipronil<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>On July 20, 2017, a notification from Belgian officials via the EU RASFF portal alerted that fipronil had been found in eggs produced by some Netherlands farms at concentrations from 0.0031 to 1.2 mg\/kg.<\/p>\n<p>The UK\u2019s Food Standards Agency (FSA) said 700,000 eggs imported to Britain had been affected, according to the BBC\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-40878381\">review of the pesticide contamination crisis<\/a>. The episode, which shut down 180 farms for further testing, turned into the largest egg recall in Europe. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/german-supermarkets-ban-dutch-eggs-over-poison-scare\/a-39956807\">scandal may hit Dutch farmers hard<\/a>, given that 60 to 70 percent of Dutch eggs are exported to countries like Germany, which in 2016 received about 5 billion eggs from the Netherlands.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fipronil scandal leads to largest egg recall in European history &amp; likely more to come <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/foodfraud?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#foodfraud<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/PihygXBfyb\">https:\/\/t.co\/PihygXBfyb<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Prof Chris Elliott OBE (@QUBFoodProf) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/QUBFoodProf\/status\/894921649056878593?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 8, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>And that hasn&#8217;t been the end of this pesticide-based food safety scare: On June 12, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-44452399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Germany recalled 73,000 contaminated Dutch eggs<\/a> after fipronil residue was detected above EU limits in eggs from an organic farm.<\/p>\n<h3>What is fipronil?<\/h3>\n<p>Fipronil is an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/neuroscience\/fipronil\">insecticide of the phenylpyrazoles<\/a> class used as a pesticide to protect seeds from insects; for professional pest control to combat infestation of insects such as \u200ecockroaches; as well as in veterinary medicine to combat fleas, mites, and ticks on dogs and cats. Fipronil is highly toxic and it is not authorized for use as a veterinary medicine, biocide, or pesticide around food-producing animals. Hence it should never have found its way into a chicken coop.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">#5: Molecule of the Moment: Millions of eggs are being removed from EU stores due to contamination by this insecticide, fipronil. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/18yNXRlwjO\">pic.twitter.com\/18yNXRlwjO<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; C&amp;EN (Chemical &amp; Engineering News) (@cenmag) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/cenmag\/status\/896037265662758912?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 11, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The World Health Organization (WHO) says fipronil is \u201cmoderately toxic\u201d to people if it is eaten in large quantities, and can have dangerous effects on the kidneys, liver, and thyroid glands. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, and epileptic seizures, although its effects are reversible.<\/p>\n<h3>Food testing laboratories need sensitive methods to detect fipronil<\/h3>\n<p>Food safety authorities and the food industry are \u201cscrambling\u201d to assess the scale of the problem. Additional monitoring of eggs for residues of fipronil is being conducted to ensure consumer protection. There is also interest in testing egg products and meat from laying poultry.<\/p>\n<p>In order to monitor fipronil abuse and food safety, testing laboratories that assess imported eggs for pesticides need a simple, sensitive, and reliable analytical method for determining the presence of residues of fipronil in chicken, egg, and muscle.<\/p>\n<p>The residue definition for fipronil in eggs is the sum of the parent fipronil and the metabolite fipronil sulfone. Its default <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/plant\/pesticides\/eu-pesticides-database\/public\/?event=pesticide.residue.selection&amp;language=EN\">maximum residue level (MRL) is 0.005 mg\/kg<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Fipronil and fipronil sulfone can be detected and quantified by liquid or gas chromatography paired with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, LC-MS\/MS or GC-MS\/MS.<\/p>\n<p>To ensure a successful analysis, a sample preparation step by solid-phase extraction (SPE) is applied, using either:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/QuEChERS-Dispersive-Solid-Phase-Extraction\/nav.htm?cid=10072671\">DisQuE dispersive SPE<\/a> products, for simple and straightforward QuEChERS multiresidue pesticide extraction using AOAC or CEN methods.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/Waters-Oasis-Sample-Extraction-SPE-Products\/nav.htm?cid=513209\">Oasis PRiME HLB SPE<\/a> in pass-through mode, for convenient and effective removal of fats and phospholipids after your QuEChERS multiresidue pesticide extraction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3691\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3691\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3691 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/primoris_belgium.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"433\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3691\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A GC instrument connected to a Xevo TQ-S micro triple quad mass spectrometer using an APGC ionization source. (c\/o Primoris Belgium)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>The challenge in fipronil analysis: Managing matrix effects<\/h3>\n<p>Fipronil and fipronil sulfone can be determined using LC-MS\/MS with electrospray ionization (EI) in negative ion mode. However, matrix effects from coeluting co-extractives can suppress the mass spectrometry signal, reducing the sensitivity of the method.<\/p>\n<p>An alternative is to use gas chromatography. Waters offers an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/Waters-Atmospheric-Pressure-Gas-Chromatography-%28APGC%29\/nav.htm?cid=10100362\">atmospheric pressure GC (APGC) ionization source<\/a> that can be used with GC as an inlet to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for trace-level quantification. APGC offers \u201csoft\u201d ionization, meaning that less fragmentation is observed for many compounds when compared with techniques such as EI. Reduced fragmentation can provide higher sensitivity and specificity, therefore simplifying precursor ion selection in MS\/MS analyses.<\/p>\n<p>The advantage of using APGC for GC-MS\/MS instead of EI is that fipronil retains most of the ion current in a single precursor ion,\u00a0 [M+H]<sup>+<\/sup> at m\/z 437, rather than having to select a precursor ion from the various fragment ions observed using EI (e.g. m\/z 367 in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0039914007003293\">Le Faouder et al. 2007<\/a>). The use of APGC\u2019s soft ionization technique combined with MS\/MS improves sensitivity.<\/p>\n<p>While there are matrix effects associated with GC-MS\/MS, these relate to mitigating the impact of active sites in the GC liner rather than ion suppression. Laboratories such as <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.waters.com\/whats-the-key-to-long-term-success-reliability\">Primoris Belgium<\/a> have observed lower detection limits when using APGC-MS\/MS compared to LC-MS\/MS.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, the analytical techniques are complementary \u2013 so suspicious positives determined using one technique can be confirmed using the other for greater confidence in results.<\/p>\n<p>An example chromatogram of fipronil and fipronil sulfone at 0.010 mg\/kg (10 ppb) in egg (dilution x 10, 1 ppb in vial) in egg achieved using an APGC source with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/Xevo-TQ-S-micro-Triple-Quadrupole-Mass-Spectrometry\/nav.htm?cid=134798856\">Xevo TQ-S micro mass spectrometer<\/a> is shown in the chromatograms below. Data is courtesy of Primoris Belgium, ISO17025 accredited for fipronil analysis in food of animal origin.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3692\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3692\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3692 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/10ppb1ppb-egg-apgc-650px-w.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"488\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3692\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fipronil and fipronil sulfone at 0.010 mg\/kg (10 ppb) in egg (dilution x 10, 1 ppb in vial) in egg achieved using an APGC source with the Xevo TQ-S micro mass spectrometer. (c\/o Primoris Belgium.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>New QuEChERS sample clean-up method for fipronil<\/h3>\n<p>The Waters science team has also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=513209&amp;lid=134951097\">developed and validated a new method<\/a> using Oasis PRiME HLB for solid phase extraction to ensure removal of phospholipids. Following the sample prep step, we show the results of UPLC-MS\/MS analysis with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/Xevo-TQ-XS-Triple-Quadrupole-Mass-Spectrometry\/nav.htm?cid=134889751\">Xevo TQ-XS<\/a> for high-resolution quantification of fipronil and its metabolite fipronil sulfone, in eggs that meets the SANTE criteria (SANTE\/11945\/2015). The method can be transferred to other Waters Xevo mass spectrometers.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3856\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3856\" style=\"width: 637px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=513209&amp;lid=134951097\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3856 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/fipronil-from-app-note-6094.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"409\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3856\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chromatograms showing the phospholipid profiles from the analysis of QuEChERS (DisQuE) extracts of egg, before and after cleanup with Oasis PRiME HLB, with at least 95% removed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Additional resources:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">A major global <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/foodsafety?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#foodsafety<\/a> crisis last year was finding the pesticide  <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/fipronil?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#fipronil<\/a> in eggs. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/KariOrgantini?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@KariOrgantini<\/a> shows our rapid-response method in the team\u2019s poster at <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/ASMS2018?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ASMS2018<\/a>, applying a modified QuEChERS method with UPLC-MS\/MS for successful analysis. PDF: <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/CDQ559JqzL\">https:\/\/t.co\/CDQ559JqzL<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/SrJzONCECu\">pic.twitter.com\/SrJzONCECu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Waters Corporation (@WatersCorp) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/WatersCorp\/status\/1004505169478864897?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 6, 2018<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Application note: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=513209&amp;lid=134951097\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Determination if Fipronil and its Metabolite Fipronil Sulfone in Eggs by LC and Tandem Quadrupole MS Using a Modified QuEChERS Method<\/a> (August 2017)<\/li>\n<li>Poster presented at RAFA (Nov. 2017, Prague) and EPRW (May 2018, Munich): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=511436&amp;lid=134961742\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Determination of Fipronil And Its Metabolite Fipronil Sulfone In Eggs By LC-MS\/MS Using A Modified Quechers Method<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Application note: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=134804319&amp;lid=134942539\">Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using UPLC-MS\/MS<\/a> (June 2017)<\/li>\n<li>Application note: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=513209&amp;lid=134905944\">Simple and Effective Clean-up for UPLC-MS\/MS Determination of Veterinary Drug Residues in Egg<\/a> (Sept. 2016)<\/li>\n<li>Poster from LAPRW workshop, May 14-17, 2017, Costa Rica: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=511436&amp;lid=134941424\">A Single LC-MS\/MS Method for Screening, Identification and Quantification of Over 400 Pesticides in a Complex Matrix<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/extraction-cleanup-fipronil-egg-matrix-quechers-oasis-euan-ross\">The Extraction and Cleanup of Fipronil in Egg Matrix by QuEChERS and Oasis PRiME HLB<\/a> (Overview by Euan Ross of Waters on LinkedIn)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.waters.com\/whats-the-key-to-long-term-success-reliability\">Why Primoris Belgium partners with Waters: Reliability in mass spectrometry technologies<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key technologies:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>More <a href=\"https:\/\/quechers.cvua-stuttgart.de\/\">about QuEChERS methods<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_US\/QuEChERS-Dispersive-Solid-Phase-Extraction\/nav.htm?cid=10072671\">DisQuE dispersive SPE<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/Waters-Oasis-Sample-Extraction-SPE-Products\/nav.htm?cid=513209\">Oasis PRiME HLB SPE<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Infographic: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/library.htm?cid=511436&amp;lid=134936801\">How Oasis PRiME HLB compares with other SPE approaches for food matrices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/Xevo-TQ-S-micro-Triple-Quadrupole-Mass-Spectrometry\/nav.htm?cid=134798856\">Xevo TQ-S micro<\/a> triple quadrupole mass spectrometer<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/partDetail.htm?partNumber=186007574\">LC Multiresidue Pesticide Standards Kit<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Originally published August 2017. Updated post with current literature.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We discuss analytical options using LC and GC with MS\/MS to detect the pesticide fipronil in eggs for food safety testing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":5013,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"Detecting Fipronil in Eggs: Tips for Pesticide Screening Labs | Waters Blog","_seopress_titles_desc":"We discuss analytical options using LC and GC with MS\/MS to detect the pesticide fipronil in eggs for food safety testing.","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":0,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","_seopress_news_disabled":"","_seopress_video_disabled":"","_seopress_video":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas_manual":[],"_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable_all":"","_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas":[],"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[87,96,54,278,292,37,293],"class_list":["post-4545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food-environmental","tag-apgc","tag-case-study","tag-food-analysis","tag-food-and-environmental","tag-gc-ms","tag-pesticide","tag-pesticide-residue-testing"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":53,"label":"Food &amp; Environmental"}],"post_tag":[{"value":87,"label":"APGC"},{"value":96,"label":"case study"},{"value":54,"label":"food analysis"},{"value":278,"label":"food and environmental"},{"value":292,"label":"GC-MS"},{"value":37,"label":"pesticide"},{"value":293,"label":"pesticide residue testing"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/egg-fipronil-1024x512-2.jpg",1024,512,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"Simon Hird","author_link":"https:\/\/www.waters.com\/blog\/author\/simonhird\/"},"comment_info":"","category_info":[{"term_id":53,"name":"Food &amp; Environmental","slug":"food-environmental","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":53,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Public health and environmental testing laboratories rely on our instruments, software, reagents, and consumables products to help ensure the safety of drinking water and that foods are authentic and free of adulterants or contaminants. Our instruments help our customers identify PFAS (aka: \"forever chemicals\" that can be harmful to humans and the environment) at very low levels to study their persistence and toxicity. Waters also provides both technology and expertise to help advance the science of plant-based and alternative protein foods.","parent":0,"count":38,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":53,"category_count":38,"category_description":"Public health and environmental testing laboratories rely on our instruments, software, reagents, and consumables products to help ensure the safety of drinking water and that foods are authentic and free of adulterants or contaminants. Our instruments help our customers identify PFAS (aka: \"forever chemicals\" that can be harmful to humans and the environment) at very low levels to study their persistence and toxicity. 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